djledda-web/public/generative-energy/static/content/caffeine.html

<h1>
    <span lang="en">Caffeine: A vitamin-like nutrient, or adaptogen</span>
    <span lang="de">Koffein: ein vitamin-ähnlicher Nährstoff, oder Adaptogen</span>
</h1>

<p>
    <span lang="en"><strong>Questions about tea and coffee, cancer and other degenerative diseases, and the hormones.</strong></span>
    <span lang="de"><strong>Fragen zu Tee und Kaffee, Krebs und anderen degenerativen Krankheiten, sowie zu den Hormonen.</strong></span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
        There is a popular health-culture that circulates mistaken ideas about
        nutrition, and coffee drinking has been a perennial target of this culture. It
        is commonly said that coffee is a drug, not a food, and that its drug action
        is harmful, and that this harm is not compensated by any nutritional benefit.
        Most physicians subscribe to most of these "common sense" ideas about coffee,
        and form an authoritative barrier against the assimilation of scientific
        information about coffee.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
        Es gibt eine sehr beliebte "Gesundheitskultur", die irrtümliche Ideen über Ernährung verbreitet, und der 
        Kaffeekonsum ist immerwährend ein Angriffsziel dieser Kultur.
        Es heißt häufig, dass Kaffee eine Droge und kein Lebensmittel wäre, und dass seine Drogenwirkung schädlich wäre, 
        was keineswegs durch irgendwelchen nahrhaften Mehrwert ausgeglichen wird.
        Die meisten Ärzte vetreten die meisten dieser Ideen, die zum "gesunden Menschenverstand" gehörten, und bilden 
        eine Art autoritäre Barriere gegen die Aufnahme wissenschaftlicher Informationen zu Kaffee.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">I think it would be good to reconsider coffee"s place in the diet and in health care.</span>
    <span lang="de">Ich glaube, es wäre gut zu überdenken, welche Stelle Kaffee in der Ernährung und im Gesundheitswesen einnimmt.</span>
</p>

<p>
    <li>
        <span lang="en"><strong>Coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of thyroid disease, including cancer, than non-drinkers.</strong></span>
        <span lang="de"><strong>Kaffeetrinker leiden seltener unter Schilddrüsenkrankheiten, darunter Krebs, als Nichttrinker.</strong></span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
            <strong>Caffeine protects the liver from alcohol and acetaminophen (Tylenol) and
                other toxins, and coffee drinkers are less likely than people who don"t use
                coffee to have elevated serum enzymes and other indications of liver
                damage.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
            <strong>Koffein schützt die Leber vor Alkohol und <span class="check">Acetaminophen (Tylenol)</span> 
                und anderen Giftstoffen, und erhöhte Serumenzymwerte und andere Inidizien einer Leberschädigung sind bei Kaffeetrinkern seltener als Nichttrinkern.</strong>
        </span
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en"><strong>Caffeine protects against cancer caused by radiation, chemical carcinogens,
                viruses, and estrogens.</strong></span>
        <span lang="de"><strong>Koffein schützt vor Krebsarten, die durch chemische Krebserreger, Viren, und Östrogene verursacht werden.</strong></span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en"><strong>Caffeine synergizes with progesterone, and increases its concentration in
                blood and tissues.</strong></span>
        <span lang="de"><strong>Koffein weist eine Synergie mit Progesteron auf und erhöht dessen Konzentration im Blut und sowie im Gewebe.</strong></span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en"><strong>Cystic breast disease is not caused by caffeine, in fact caffeine"s effects
        are likely to be protective; a variety of studies show that coffee, tea, and
        caffeine are protective against breast cancer.</strong></span>
        <span lang="de"><strong><span class="check">Mastopathie</span> wird nicht durch Koffein verursacht. Koffein wirkt wohlmöglich schützend; eine Vielzahl von Studien zeigt, dass Kaffee, Tee, und Koffein vor Brustkrebs schützen.</strong></span> 
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
          <strong>Coffee provides very significant quantities of magnesium, as well as other nutrients including vitamin B1.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
          <strong>Kaffee liefert sehr hohe Mengen von Magnesium sowie anderen Nährstoffen wie Vitamin B1.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
      <span lang="en"><strong>Caffeine "improves efficiency of fuel use" and performance: JC Wagner 1989.</strong></span>
      <span lang="de"><strong>Koffein "erhöht die Nutzungseffezienz von Brennstoffen" und die Leistung: JC Wagner 1989.</strong></span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
            <strong>Coffee drinkers have a low incidence of suicide.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
            <strong>Kaffeetrinker haben eine geringere Suizidrate.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Caffeine supports serotonin uptake in nerves, and inhibits blood platelet aggregation.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Koffein begünstigt die Aufnahme von Serotonin in die Nerven und hemmt die Thrombozytenaggregation.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Coffee drinkers have been found to have lower cadmium in tissues; coffee making removes heavy metals from water.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Es wurde beobachtet, dass Kaffeetrinker weniger Cadmium im Gewebe haben; die Zubereitung von Kaffee entfernt Schwermetalle aus Wasser.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Coffee inhibits iron absorption if taken with meals, helping to prevent iron overload.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Kaffee hemmt die Aufnahme von Eisen, wenn es zusammen mit einer Mahlzeit getrunken wird, was vor Eisenüberlastung schützen kann.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Caffeine, like niacin, inhibits apoptosis, protecting against stress-induced cell death, without interfering with normal cell turnover.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Koffein, wie Niacin, hemmt die Apoptose. So schützt es vor dem durch Stress verursachten Zelltod, ohne den normalen Zellumsatz zu stören.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Caffeine can prevent nerve cell death.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Koffein kann den Zelltod der Nerven verhindern.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
             <strong>Coffee (or caffeine) prevents Parkinson"s Disease (Ross, et al., 2000).</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
             <strong>Kaffee (bzw. Koffein) schützt vor Parkinson (Ross, et al., 2000).</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>The prenatal growth retardation that can be caused by feeding large amounts of caffeine is prevented by supplementing the diet with sugar.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Die vorgeburtliche Wachstumsverzögerung, die durch eine hohe Zufuhr von Koffein verursacht werden kann, kann verhindert werden, wenn die Ernährung durch ausreichend Zucker ergänzt wird.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Caffeine stops production of free radicals by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, an important factor in tissue stress.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Durch die Hemmung des Enzyms Xanthinoxidase hält Koffein die Produktion von freien Radikalen auf.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
    <li>
        <span lang="en">
              <strong>Caffeine lowers serum potassium following exercise; stabilizes platelets, reducing thromboxane production.</strong>
        </span>
        <span lang="de">
              <strong>Koffein senkt das Kalium im Blut nach sportlichen Aktivitäten; es stabilisiert die Blutplättchen und hemmt dadurch die Produktion von Thromboxan.</strong>
        </span>
    </li>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
      One definition of a vitamin is that it is an organic chemical found in foods,
      the lack of which <em>causes</em> a specific
      <em>disease,</em> or group of diseases. A variety of
      substances that have been proposed to be vitamins haven"t been recognized as
      being essential, and some substances that aren"t essential are sometimes
      called vitamins. Sometimes these issues haven"t had enough scientific
      investigation, but often nonscientific forces regulate nutritional ideas.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
        Eine Definition eines Vitamins ist, dass ein organisches Molekül ist, das sich in Nahrungsmitteln vorfindet, 
        dessen Mangel die <em>Ursache</em> einer gewissen <em>Krankheit</em> bzw. einer 
        Reihe von Krankheiten ist. Eine Vielzahl von Substanzen, die als Vitamin vorgeschlagen wurden, wurde nicht als 
        lebensnotwendig erkannt. Umgekehrt werden einige nicht lebensnotwendige Substanzen manchmal Vitamine genannt.
        Manchmal sind diese Themen nicht ausreichend erforscht, aber Ideen über die Ernährung werden oft von 
        nicht-wissenschaftlichen Mächten reguliert.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          The definition of "a disease" isn"t as clear as text-book writers have
          implied, and "causality" in biology is always more complex than we like to
          believe.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Die Definition einer "Krankheit" ist nicht so klar, wie es den Lehrbüchern nach manchmal erscheinen mag, und 
            Kausalität in der Biologie ist immer komplexer als wir glauben möchten.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          Nutrition is one of the most important sciences, and should certainly be as
          prestigious and well financed as astrophysics and nuclear physics, but while
          people say "it doesn"t take a brain surgeon to figure that out," no one says
          "it doesn"t take a nutritionist to understand that." Partly, that"s because
          medicine treated scientific nutrition as an illegitimate step-child, and
          refused throughout the 20th century to recognize that it is a central part of
          scientific health care. In the 1970s, physicians and dietitians were still
          ridiculing the idea that vitamin E could prevent or cure diseases of the
          circulatory system, and babies as well as older people were given "total
          intravenous nutrition" which lacked nutrients that are essential to life,
          growth, immunity, and healing. Medicine and science are powerfully
          institutionalized, but no institution or profession has existed for the
          purpose of encouraging people to act reasonably.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Die Ernährungswissenschaft ist eine der wichtigsten Naturwissenschaften und sollte gewiss das Prestige 
            und die Finanzierung erhalten wie die Astro- oder Kernphysik. Doch obwohl es im Englischen oft gesagt wird, 
            dass "man kein Raketenforscher sein muss, um das zu verstehen", ist hier nie die Rede von einem 
            Ernährungswissenschaftler. Das liegt teilweise daran, dass die Ernährungswissenschaft von der Medizin wie ein 
            uneheliches Stiefkind behandelt wurde, und im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts weigerte man sich, sie als 
            zentraler Teil des wissenschaftlichen Gesundheitswesens anzuerkennen. Ärzte und Ernährungsberater verpotteten 
            noch bis in die 1970er die Idee, dass Vitamin E Herzkreislauferkrankungen vorbeugen oder sie sogar heilen 
            könnte, und Säuglinge sowie ältere Menschen bekamen "totale parentale Ernährung", denen Nährstoffe fehlte, die 
            fürs Leben, das Wachstum, die Immunität und Heilung notwendig sind. Die Medizin und die Naturwissenschaften sind 
            stark institutionalisiert, aber es gab bislang weder eine Institution noch einen Beruf, der zu dem Zweck 
            existierte, rationales Handeln zu fördern.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          In this environment, most people have felt that subtleties of definition,
          logic and evidence weren"t important for nutrition, and a great amount of
          energy has gone into deciding whether there were "four food groups" or "seven
          food groups" or a "nutritional pyramid." The motives behind governmental and
          quasi-governmental nutrition policies usually represent something besides a
          simple scientific concern for good health, as when health care institutions
          say that Mexican babies should begin eating beans when they reach the age of
          six months, or that non-whites don"t need milk after they are weaned. In a
          culture that discourages prolonged breast feeding, the effects of these
          doctrines can be serious.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            In diesem Umfeld hatten die meisten Leute den Eindruck, dass die Feinheiten von Definitionen, Logik und 
            Beweisen nicht wichtig für die Ernährungswissenschaft sind, und es wurde sehr viel Energie investiert, um zu 
            entscheiden, ob es entweder "vier Lebensmittelgruppen" oder sieben gibt, oder sogar eine "Ernährungspyramide".
            Die Motivationen, die hinter staatlicher bzw. pseudo-staatlicher Ernährungspolitik stecken, stellen 
            normalerweise etwas anderes außer einfachem wissentschaftlichen Interesse für gute Gesundheit dar. So wird
            beispielweise behauptet, dass mexikanische Säuglinge nach dem Alter von sechs Monaten anfangen sollten, Bohnen
            zu essen, oder dass Nichtweiße keine Milch bräuchten, nachdem sie abgestillt wurden. In einer Kultur, die vor 
            verlängertem Stillen abrät, können die Folgen solcher Doktrinen ernste Konsequenzen mit sich tragen.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          After a century of scientific nutrition, public nutritional policies are doing
          approximately as much harm as good, and they are getting worse faster than
          they are getting better..
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Nach einem Jahrhundert Ernährungswissenschaft sorgt die öffentliche Ernährungspolitik für ungefähr genauso viel 
            Schaden wie Nutzen und sie wird schneller schlimmer, als dass sie besser wird.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          In this culture, what we desperately need is a recognition of the complexity
          of life, and of the political-ecological situation we find ourselves in. Any
          thinking which isn"t "system thinking" should be treated with caution, and
          most contemporary thinking about health neglects to consider relevant parts of
          the problem-system. "Official" recommendations about salt, cholesterol, iron,
          unsaturated and saturated fats, and soybeans have generally been
          inappropriate, unscientific, and strongly motivated by business interests
          rather than by biological knowledge.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Das, was wir in dieser Kultur dringend nötig haben, ist eine Anerkennung der Komplexität des Lebens, und der 
            politisch-ökologischen Situation, in der wir uns befinden. Jegliches Denken, das kein "Systemdenken" ist, 
            sollte man mit Vorbehalt betrachten und der Großteil zeitgenössischer Gedanken zur Gesundheit beachtet 
            relevante Teile des Problem-Systems nicht. "Offizielle" Ratschläge zu Salz, Cholesterin, Eisen, gesättigten und 
            ungesättigten Fetten, und Sojabohnen waren bisher in der Regel unangemessen, unwissenschaftlich, und wurden 
            stark durch geschäftliche Interessen statt biologisches Wissen motiviert.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          Definitions have rarely distinguished clearly between nutrients and drugs, and
          new commercial motives are helping to further blur the distinctions.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Manche Definitionen unterscheiden nicht klar zwischen Nährstoffen und Drogen, und wirtschaftliche Motiven 
            sorgen dafür, dass die Unterschiede weiter verschwimmen.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          <strong
            >Essential nutrients, defensive (detoxifying, antistress) nutrients,
            hormone-modulating nutrients, self-actualization nutrients, growth
            regulating nutrients, structure modifiers, life extension agents,
            transgenerationally active (imprinting)</strong>
          <strong>nutrients--</strong>the line between nutrients and biological
          modifiers often depends on the situation. Vitamins D and A clearly have
          hormone-like properties, and vitamin E"s effects, and those of many terpenoids
          and steroids and bioflavonoids found in foods, include hormone-like actions as
          well as antioxidant and pro-oxidant functions. The concept of "adaptogen" can
          include things that act like both drugs and nutrients.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
          <strong>Lebensnotwendige Nährstoffe, defensive (entgiftende, stresshemmende) Nährstoffe,
            hormon-modulierende Nährstoffe, Nährstoffe zur Selbstverwirklichung, wachstumsregulierende Nährstoffe, 
            Strukturmodifikatoren, Lebensverlängerungswirkstoffe, transgenerationell aktive (prägende) Nährstoffe -
          </strong> die Grenze zwischen Nährstoffen und biologischen Modifikatoren hängt oft von der Situation ab. Die 
          Vitmaine D und A haben klare hormon-ähnliche Eigenschaften, und zu den Wirkungen von Vitamin E sowie mehreren 
          anderen Terpenoiden, Steroiden, und Bioflavonoiden in Lebensmitteln zählen hormon-ähnliche sowie antioxidative 
          und pro-oxidative Funktionen. Das Konzept eines "Adaptogens" kann Dinge umfassen, die sich wie sowohl Drogen 
          als auch Nährstoffe verhalten.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          Some studies have suggested that trace amounts of nutrients could be passed on
          for a few generations, but the evidence now indicates that these
          transgenerational effects are caused by phenomena such as "imprinting." But
          the hereditary effects of nutrients are so complex that their recognition
          would force nutrition to be recognized as one of the most complex sciences,
          interwoven with the complexities of growth and development.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Einige Studien legten nahe, dass Spuren von Nährstoffen über einige Generationen hinweg weitergegeben werden können, 
            aber die Beweislage zeigt nun, dass diese transgenerationellen Effekte ihren Ursprung in Phänomenen wie 
            "Prägung" haben. Aber die vererbten Wirkungen von Nährstoffen sind so komplex, dass ihre Anerkennung dafür 
            sorgen würde, dass die Ernährungswissenschaft als eine der komplexesten Naturwissenschaften anerkannt werden müsste;
            eine Wissenschaft, die mit den Komplexitäten von Wachstum und Entwicklung eng verflochten ist.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          The idea that poor nutrition stunts growth has led to the idea that good
          nutrition can be defined in terms of the rate of growth and the size
          ultimately reached. In medicine, it is common to refer to an obese specimen as
          "well nourished," as if quantity of food and quantity of tissue were
          necessarily good things. But poisons can stimulate growth ("hormesis"), and
          food restriction can extend longevity.
          <strong
            >We still have to determine basic things such as the optimal rate of growth,
            and the optimal size.</strong
          >
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Die Idee, dass schlechte Ernährung das Wachstum hemmt, führte zur Idee, dass gute Ernährung anhand der 
            Wachstumsrate und der schließlich erreichten Größe definiert werden kann. In der Medizin ist es gewöhnlich, ein 
            adipöses Exemplar als "gut ernährt" zu bezeichnen, als wäre diese Menge von Essen und Gewebe zwangsläufig etwas 
            gutes. Aber Giftstoffe können das Wachstum fördern ("Hormesis") und Lebensmittelbeschränkung kann das Leben 
            verlängern. 
            <strong>Noch müssen wir grundlegende Sachen bestimmen wie die optimale Wachstumsrate und die optimale Größe.</strong>
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          Nutrition textbooks flatly describe caffeine as a drug, not a nutrient, as if
          it were obvious that nutrients can"t be drugs. Any of the essential nutrients,
          if used in isolation, can be used as a drug, for a specific effect on the
          organism that it wouldn"t normally have when eaten as a component of ordinary
          food. And natural foods contain thousands of chemicals, other than the
          essential nutrients. Many of these are called nonessential nutrients, but
          their importance is being recognized increasingly. The truth is that we aren"t
          sure what they "aren"t essential" for. Until we have more definite knowledge
          about the organism I don"t think we should categorize things so absolutely as
          drugs or nutrients.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            In Lehrbüchern zur Ernährungswissenschaft wird Koffein kategorisch als Droge beschrieben, und keinen Nährstoff, 
            als wäre es offensichtlich, dass Nährstoffe keine Drogen sein könnten. Irgendeiner der lebensnotwendigen 
            Nährstoffe kann als Droge eingesetzt werden, wenn er isoliert zugeführt wird, um eine gewisse Wirkung im 
            Organismus zu erzielen, die er sonst nicht hätte, wenn er als Teil einer normalen Ernährung aufgenommen werden 
            würde. Und abgesehen von den lebensnotwendigen Nährstoffen enthalten natürliche Lebensmittel Tausende von anderen 
            Chemikalien. Viele werden als nicht lebensnotwendig bezeichnet, aber ihre Wichtigkeit wird zunehmend anerkannt. 
            Die Wahrheit ist, dass wir nicht unbedingt wissen, wofür sie "nicht lebensnotwendig" sind.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          The bad effects ascribed to coffee usually involve administering large doses
          in a short period of time. While caffeine is commonly said to raise blood
          pressure, this effect is slight, and may not occur during the normal use of
          coffee. Experimenters typically ignore essential factors. Drinking plain water
          can cause an extreme rise in blood pressure, especially in old people, and
          eating a meal (containing carbohydrate) lowers blood pressure. The increased
          metabolic rate caffeine produces increases the cellular consumption of
          glucose, so experiments that study the effects of coffee taken on an empty
          stomach are measuring the effects of increased temperature and metabolic rate,
          combined with increased adrenaline (resulting from the decrease of glucose),
          and so confuse the issue of caffeine"s intrinsic effects.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Die schädlichen Wirkungen, die Koffein zugeschrieben werden, treten meist in Zusammenhang mit einer Zufuhr von 
            sehr hohen Mengen in kurzer Zeit auf. Obwohl es häufig heißt, Koffein erhöhe den Blutdruck, ist diese 
            Wirkung sehr leicht, und sie könnte bei normalem Kaffeekonsum gar nicht auftreten. Forscher ignorieren 
            typischerweise wesentliche Faktoren. Das Trinken von einfachem Wasser kann für einen extremen Antieg des 
            Blutdrucks sorgen, insbesondere bei älteren Menschen, und eine Mahlzeit (mit Kohlenhydraten) kann ihn wiederum 
            senken. Der erhöhte Stoffwechsel, für den Koffein sorgt, steigert den zellulären Glukosekonsum. Wenn Forcher 
            also den Kaffekonsum auf leerem Magen erforschen, messen sie die Wirkung von erhöhter Temperatur und erhöhtem 
            Stoffwechsel, zusammen mit erhöhtem Adrenalin (aufgrund von dem gesunkenen Glukosespiegel), und bringen das 
            Verständnis der intrinsischen Wirkung von Koffein durcheinander.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          In one study (Krasil"nikov, 1975), the drugs were introduced directly into the
          carotid artery to study the effects on the blood vessels in the brain.
          Caffeine increased the blood volume in the brain, while decreasing the
          resistance of the vessels, and this effect is what would be expected from its
          stimulation of brain metabolism and the consequent increase in carbon dioxide,
          which dilates blood vessels.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
          In einer Studie (Krasilnikov, 1975) wurden die Drogen direkt in die Karotis eingeführt, um deren Wirkung auf die 
          Blutgefäße und das Gehirn zu erforschen. Koffein erhöhte das Blutvolumen im Gehirn und gleichzeitig senkte es den 
          Gefäßwiderstand. Dieser Effekt sollte erwartet werden, wenn Koffein den Stoffwechsel im Gehirn fördert und 
          somit für eine Erhöhung des Kohlenstoffdioxid-Gehalts, was die Blutgefäße erweitert.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
          In the whole body, increased carbon dioxide also decreases vascular
          resistance, and this allows circulation to increase, while the heart"s work is
          decreased, relative to the amount of blood pumped. But when the whole body"s
          metabolism is increased, adequate nutrition is crucial.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
            Im ganzen Körper senkt Kohlenstoffdioxid auch den Gefäßwiderstand, was für eine Erhöhung des Kreislaufs sorgt. 
            Dabei muss das Herz weniger arbeiten, um die gleiche Menge Blut zu pumpen. Aber wenn sich der Stoffwechsel des 
            gesamten Körpers erhöht, ist eine angemessene Ernährung sehr wichtig.  
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
      In animal experiments that have been used to argue that pregnant women
      shouldn"t drink coffee, large doses of caffeine given to pregnant animals
      retarded the growth of the fetuses. But simply giving more sucrose prevented
      the growth retardation. Since caffeine tends to correct some of the metabolic
      problems that could interfere with pregnancy, it is possible that rationally
      constructed experiments could show benefits to the fetus from the mother"s use
      of coffee, for example by lowering bilirubin and serotonin, preventing
      hypoglycemia, increasing uterine perfusion and progesterone synthesis,
      synergizing with thyroid and cortisol to promote lung maturation, and
      providing additional nutrients.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
        In Tierversuchen, die als Argument benutzt werden, dass schwangere Frauen keinen Kaffee trinken sollten, 
        verzögerten hohe Mengen von Koffein das Wachstum der Föten. Aber die einfache Gabe von mehr Saccharose 
        verhinderte diese Wachstumsverzögerung. Da Koffein einige der Stoffwechselprobleme behebt, die eine 
        Schwangerschaft behindern könnten, ist es möglich, dass rational aufgebaute Experimente Vorteile für den Fötus 
        durch den Kaffeekonsum der Mutter zeigen könnten, zum Beispiel durch die Senkung von Biliburin und Serotonin, 
        die Verhindernung von Unterzuckerung, die Steigerung der Durchblutung der Gebärmutter und der Synthese von 
        Progesteron, die Synergie mit Schilddrüsenhormon und Cortisol zur Förderung der Lungenreifung, und die Zufuhr 
        zusätzlicher Nährstoffe.
    </span>
</p>

<p>
    <span lang="en">
        One of the most popular misconceptions about caffeine is that it causes
        fibrocystic breast disease. Several groups demonstrated pretty clearly that it
        doesn"t, but there was no reason that they should have had to bother, except
        for an amazingly incompetent, but highly publicized, series of
        articles--classics of their kind--by J. P. Minton, of Ohio State University.
        Minton neglected to notice that the healthy breast contains a high percentage
        of fat, and that the inflamed and diseased breast has an increased proportion
        of glandular material Fat cells have a low level of cyclic AMP, a regulatory
        substance that is associated with normal cellular differentiation and
        function, and is involved in mediating caffeine"s ability to inhibit cancer
        cell multiplication. Minton argued that cAMP increases progressively with the
        degree of breast disease, up to cancer, and that cAMP is increased by
        caffeine. A variety of substances other than caffeine that inhibit the growth
        of cancer cells (as well as normal breast cells) act by
        <em>increasing</em> the amount of cyclic AMP, while estrogen lowers the amount
        of cAMP and increases cell growth. Minton"s argument should have been to use
        more caffeine, in proportion to the degree of breast disease, if he were
        arguing logically from his evidence. Caffeine"s effect on the breast resembles
        that of progesterone, opposing estrogen"s effects.
    </span>
    <span lang="de">
        Einer der am weitesten verbreitenen Irrtümer über Koffein ist die Behauptung, es verursache Mastopathie.
    </span>
</p>
<p>
  Many studies over the last 30 years have shown caffeine to be highly
  protective against all kinds of carcinogenesis, including estrogen"s
  carcinogenic effects on the breast. Caffeine is now being used along with some
  of the standard cancer treatments, to improve their effects or to reduce their
  side effects. There are substances in the coffee berry besides caffeine that
  protect against mutations and cancer, and that have shown strong therapeutic
  effects against cancer. Although many plant substances are protective against
  mutations and cancer, I don"t know of any that is as free of side effects as
  coffee.
</p>
<p>
  To talk about caffeine, it"s necessary to talk about uric acid.
  <strong>
    Uric acid, synthesized in the body, is both a stimulant and a very important
    antioxidant, and its structure is very similar to that of caffeine.
  </strong>
  A deficiency of uric acid is a serious problem. Caffeine and uric acid are in
  the group of chemicals called purines.
</p>
<p>
  Purines (along with pyrimidines) are components of the nucleic acids, DNA and
  RNA, but they have many other functions. In general, substances related to
  purines are stimulants, and substances related to pyrimidines are sedatives.
</p>
<p>
  When the basic purine structure is oxidized, it becomes in turn hypoxanthine,
  xanthine, and uric acid, by the addition of oxygen atoms. When methyl groups
  (CH<sub>3</sub>) are added to nitrogens in the purine ring, the molecule
  becomes less water soluble. Xanthine (an intermediate in purine metabolism)
  has two oxygen atoms, and when three methyl groups are added, it becomes
  trimethyl xanthine, or caffeine. With two methyl groups, it is theophylline,
  which is named for its presence in tea. We have enzyme systems which can add
  and subtract methyl groups<strong>;</strong> for example, when babies are
  given theophylline, they can convert it into caffeine.
</p>

<p>
  We have enzymes that can modify all of the methyl groups and oxygen atoms of
  caffeine and the other purine derivatives. Caffeine is usually excreted in a
  modified form, for example as a methylated uric acid.
</p>
<p>
  One of the ways in which uric acid functions as an "antioxidant" is by
  modifying the activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which in stress can
  become a dangerous source of free radicals. Caffeine also restrains this
  enzyme. There are several other ways in which uric acid and caffeine (and a
  variety of intermediate xanthines) protect against oxidative damage. Coffee
  drinkers, for example, have been found to have lower levels of cadmium in
  their kidneys than people who don"t use coffee, and coffee is known to inhibit
  the absorption of iron by the intestine, helping to prevent iron overload.
</p>
<p>
  Toxins and stressors often kill cells, for example in the brain, liver, and
  immune system, by causing the cells to expend energy faster than it can be
  replaced. There is an enzyme system that repairs genetic damage, called
  "PARP." The activation of this enzyme is a major energy drain, and substances
  that inhibit it can prevent the death of the cell. Niacin and caffeine can
  inhibit this enzyme sufficiently to prevent this characteristic kind of cell
  death, without preventing the normal cellular turnover<strong>;</strong> that
  is, they don"t produce tumors by preventing the death of cells that aren"t
  needed.
</p>
<p>
  The purines are important in a great variety of regulatory processes, and
  caffeine fits into this complex system in other ways that are often protective
  against stress. For example, it has been proposed that tea can protect against
  circulatory disease by preventing abnormal clotting, and the mechanism seems
  to be that caffeine (or theophylline) tends to restrain stress-induced
  platelet aggregaton.
</p>
<p>
  When platelets clump, they release various factors that contribute to the
  development of a clot. Serotonin is one of these, and is released by other
  kinds of cell, including mast cells and basophils and nerve cells. Serotonin
  produces vascular spasms and increased blood pressure, blood vessel leakiness
  and inflammation, and the release of many other stress mediators. Caffeine,
  besides inhibiting the platelet aggregation, also tends to inhibit the release
  of serotonin, or to promote its uptake and binding.
</p>

<p>
  J. W. Davis, et al., 1996, found that high uric acid levels seem to protect
  against the development of Parkinson"s disease. They ascribed this effect to
  uric acid"s antioxidant function. Coffee drinking, which <em>lowers</em> uric
  acid levels, nevertheless appeared to be much more strongly protective against
  Parkinson"s disease than uric acid.
</p>
<p>
  Possibly more important than coffee"s ability to protect the health is the way
  it does it. The studies that have tried to gather evidence to show that coffee
  is harmful, and found the opposite, have provided insight into several
  diseases. For example, coffee"s effects on serotonin are very similar to
  carbon dioxide"s, and the thyroid hormone"s. Noticing that coffee drinking is
  associated with a low incidence of Parkinson"s disease could focus attention
  on the ways that thyroid and carbon dioxide and serotonin, estrogen, mast
  cells, histamine and blood clotting interact to produce nerve cell death.
</p>
<p>
  Thinking about how caffeine can be beneficial across such a broad spectrum of
  problems can give us a perspective on the similarities of their underlying
  physiology and biochemistry, expanding the implications of stress, biological
  energy, and adaptability.
</p>
<p>
  The observation that coffee drinkers have a low incidence of suicide, for
  example, might be physiologically related to the large increase in suicide
  rate among people who use the newer antidepressants called "serotonin reuptake
  inhibitors." Serotonin excess causes several of the features of depression,
  such as learned helplessness and reduced metabolic rate, while coffee
  stimulates the <em>uptake</em> (inactivation or storage) of serotonin,
  increases metabolic energy, and tends to improve mood. In animal studies, it
  reverses the state of helplessness or despair, often more effectively than
  so-called antidepressants.
</p>
<p>
  The research on caffeine"s effects on blood pressure, and on the use of fuel
  by the more actively metabolizing cells, hasn"t clarified its effects on
  respiration and nutrition, but some of these experiments confirm things that
  coffee drinkers usually learn for themselves.
</p>
<p>
  Often, a woman who thinks that she has symptoms of hypoglycemia says that
  drinking even the smallest amount of coffee makes her anxious and shaky.
  Sometimes, I have suggested that they try drinking about two ounces of coffee
  with cream or milk along with a meal. It"s common for them to find that this
  reduces their symptoms of hypoglycemia, and allows them to be symptom-free
  between meals. Although we don"t know exactly why caffeine improves an
  athlete"s endurance, I think the same processes are involved when coffee
  increases a person"s "endurance" in ordinary activities.
</p>
<p>
  Caffeine has remarkable parallels to thyroid and progesterone, and the use of
  coffee or tea can help to maintain their production, or compensate for their
  deficiency. Women spontaneously drink more coffee premenstrually, and since
  caffeine is known to increase the concentration of progesterone in the blood
  and in the brain, this is obviously a spontaneous and rational form of
  self-medication, though medical editors like to see things causally reversed,
  and blame the coffee drinking for the symptoms it is actually alleviating.
  Some women have noticed that the effect of a progesterone supplement is
  stronger when they take it with coffee. This is similar to the synergy between
  thyroid and progesterone, which is probably involved, since caffeine tends to
  <em>locally</em> activate thyroid secretion by a variety of mechanisms,
  increasing cyclic AMP and decreasing serotonin in thyroid cells, for example,
  and also by lowering the systemic stress mediators.
</p>
<p>
  Medical editors like to publish articles that reinforce important prejudices,
  even if, scientifically, they are trash. The momentum of a bad idea can
  probably be measured by the tons of glossy paper that have gone into its
  development. Just for the sake of the environment, it would be nice if editors
  would try to think in terms of evidence and biological mechanisms, rather than
  stereotypes.
</p>
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